Impact of Agricultural Extension Services on Fertilizer Use and Farmers’ Welfare: Evidence from Bangladesh

Although many studies have assessed the impact of extension, most treat presence or absence extension as a binary variable to test treatment effects, and fewer investigate how type provider (e.g., govt./private) frequency contact (number visits) farm household welfare. To address this knowledge gap, article investigates agricultural access, frequency, on chemical fertilizer application, crop yield, profit. Data from nationwide survey in 2015 Bangladesh, case country with heavy over-application urea fertilizer, are basis for endogenous switching regression approach control potential self-selection endogeneity. The empirical results revealed significant differences outcomes farmers who had just one contact, more than those accessed private provisions. We found that frequently used significantly less only once. Farmers also experienced statistically higher yield profit cropping. Private access appeared result incomes but not reduced application rates. Our suggest nuanced understanding can be gained source effects modelling formulation is common literature.